Engineering Review

Mechanical properties of hypoeutectic, eutectic, and hypereutectic Al-Si automotive alloys under ageing treatment

Dewan Salsabil Ahammad — 2024-05-20

The role of different levels of silicon on mechanical properties has been investigated through tensile and impact tests along with fractography of Al-Si automotive alloys. Cast alloys are given precipitation strengthening through T6 heat treatment. It has been experimentally determined that ageing these alloys leads to the enhancement of tensile properties, which is mainly caused by the precipitation of the intermetallics such as Al₂Cu, Mg₂Si, and Al₂CuMg within the Al-matrix. The ductility of these alloys primarily exhibit a diminishing trend as the ageing temperature increased. This diminishing trend can be attributed to the formation of fine precipitates like GP zones and metastable phases. However, after reaching a certain temperature, the ductility started to increase again. This is caused by the coarsening of the precipitates. At higher strain rates, the tensile strength is found to be identical for higher Si-added alloys due to their brittleness. The microstructures of the alloys reveal that as Si content increases, eutectic phases become more apparent. Fractography of the base alloy exhibits a small dimple structure, and higher Si-added alloys initiate the crack propagation. Beyond eutectic composition, the mechanical properties of the alloys became distorted due to block-like primary Si into the Al-matrix.

Smart Heart Disease Prediction and Amalgamation Tracking System

Ashok Kumar Shanmugaraj — 2024-05-20

Cardiovascular disease is the foremost reason for death globally in recent times. In order to prevent such losses, heart disease prediction and tracking system that is reliable, accurate, scalable, and cost-effective is essential. This work proposes a system that utilizes an artificial intelligence processor (LSAI48266X) and an IoT device to transfer data from sensors such as the Mach30100 and DS18B20. The system aims to track, visualize, and forecast heart disease. Random Forest is a machine learning algorithm that predicts cardiac illness based on numerous parameters such as SpO2, heartbeat, temperature, and blood pressure. Web application is developed using PHP that displays hospital details and integrated with a Telegram chatbot for communication during emergency conditions. In comparison to previous works, the proposed system has a high degree of accuracy of 95.6% and automation system to prevent loss of human life by incorporating the Random Forest Algorithm and tracking system.

Effect of Ge on Oxidation Behavior Of 60% Cu – 40% Zn Muntz Metal

Ekbal Mohammed Salih — 2024-05-20

Copper–base alloys are widely used in Marine industries and heat exchangers. Muntz Metal 60% Cu – 40% Zn is one of the critical Cu alloys used in decoration, tubing for heat exchangers, and Marine environments, but it is subject to dezincification and stress–corrosion cracking. This study employed alloying elements (Al, Sn, Ge) to achieve their properties (oxidation behavior, thermal shock resistance, mechanical and corrosion resistance). All results confirmed that an enhancement in properties, Ge, plays an essential role in this enhancement due to the formation of protective non-pours oxide layers from GeO2 and AL2O3 layers. Also, adding (Sn) made the alloy's microstructure very fine. These elements improve hardness and reduce corrosion rate by 83%, while in the oxidation test, the reduction in specific weight change was equal to 99%. Also, a significant improvement in thermal shock resistance concerning the reference sample was achieved.

Effect of cryotreated post tempered electrodes on EDM performance of AISI 304: a comparative study

Munmun Bhaumik — 2024-05-20

In the present investigation, a comparison study has been conducted to investigate the effect of process parameters and three different types of electrodes {untreated (UT), cryotreated single tempered (CT1) and cryotreated double tempered(CT2)} during electro discharge machining (EDM) operation. For this purpose, WC and AISI 304 stainless steel was used as electrode and work material. Peak current, pulse on time, duty cycle, gap voltage, and flushing pressure were considered as process parameters and performance characteristics were measured by means of tool wear rate (TWR), material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (R_a). Microstructural analysis was conducted on the EDMed surfaces machined by UT, CT1 and CT2 electrodes. It is found from the investigation that UT electrode provides higher tool wear rate (TWR), material removal rate (MRR), and surface roughness (R_a) compare to cryotreated post tempered electrodes. Better surface quality is achieved for EDMed surface machined by CT2 electrode compare to UT and CT1 electrodes.

Optimization of cutting die life cycle and investigation of parameters affecting die life cycle

Pinar Demircioglu — 2024-05-20

In this study, the factors affecting the die life cycle were investigated due to the high costs caused by the punch and matrix wear of the die used in the ventilation hole cutting of the disc component, which has MW05 material, and life cycle optimization experiments were carried out. In order not to have too many variables, the study was conducted in two stages. Firstly, studies such as geometry and PVD surface coating were carried out for the punch lifecycle. After that, studies such as hardness, manufacturing method, surface roughness, press tonnage, and alternative material were carried out for the matrix life cycle. Due to the flat area around the cutting edge of the punches, it has reduced abrasive wear on the cutting edge, and in addition to the modification to this punch design, the AlCrN surface coating has reduced adhesive wear on the cutting contour and increased punch life cycle. By changing the cutting contour of the matrix to milling machining instead of cutting by wire erosion, an increase in the matrix life cycle has been achieved. The die life cycle improvements made will be included among the new die design inputs.

A new approach to modeling a microwave antenna array with a phase radiation pattern

Elmar Hunbataliyev — 2024-05-20

In this paper, models of an annular antenna array have been developed and an analysis of the main characteristics of this antenna array has been carried out. The obtained results suggest that the considered variants of the microwave ring antenna array with discrete-switching scanning of the azimuthal radiation patterns, taking into account the weight, size and electrical characteristics, seem promising for use in the equipment of radio communication, radar and radio control systems. And also a method for correcting the distortions of the directional patterns of the developed annular antenna array, caused by the mutual influence of emitters, is proposed. To implement this technique, an algorithm has been developed for changing the amplitude distribution of the electromagnetic field strength from the phase distribution of the electromagnetic field strength to compensate for the distortion of parameters caused by the deviation of the beam of the radiation pattern.

Leveraging an installed standalone photovoltaic system for eco-friendly shipping

Midhu Paulson — 2024-05-20

This paper proposes an effective strategy to make an installed standalone photovoltaic energy system multifunctional by using stored energy in the batteries during different operational profiles of a ship. The authors had proposed a PV system for a typical vessel with an electrical load demand of 11,888 kW that can power the non-essential sailing loads during preferential tripping. To offset the challenges faced by the installation of the standalone PV system to some extent, it is made multifunctional by delivering power to specific loads, and its feasibility is also explored. By using stored PV energy to power non-essential harbour loads and continuous harbour loads, the total load demand on harbour generators can be reduced by 30.56% and 44.61%, respectively. The percentage of loads to be supplied from PV energy can be decided based on the efficiency curve of the generator. Furthermore, the installed PV system can also be utilized to extend the backup period of the emergency generator to 14.8 hours. By utilising the installed PV energy system in various ways, the consumption of fuel by ship generators and the emission of carbon dioxide can be reduced. As a result, the payback period of the PV installation can be shortened. Additionally, this approach guarantees maximum comfort for both the crew and passengers on luxurious ships. Thus, this approach encourages an eco-friendly way of utilising renewable energy resources in the shipping industry.

Analysis and mitigation of power quality (PQ) issues in 0.3MW solar photovoltaic system (SPV) connected to grid with MPPT tracker and controlled load using PSCAD software

AKSHAY NARENDRA DESHMUKH — 2024-05-20

Integration of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systemin grid is gaining popularity as the demand for distributed generation systems is increasing globally. This scenario is leading to several power quality issues in distribution system. Hence analysis of Total Harmonic distortion (THD) and current demand distortion becomes significantly important. This paper pronounces analysis and mitigation of PQ issues of grid connected 0.3MW solar Photovoltaic System with MPPT Tracker and controlled load using PSCAD software. The irradiance and temperature are feed as input to the photovoltaic system designated to produce 0.3MW. This PV power is in turn feed to DC-DC boost converter for voltage regulation and MPPT tracking. The regulated DC power is feed to voltage source inverter for supplying to point of common contact (PCC) where conventional grid and controlled load is connected. THD measurement at inverter output using FFT analysis and voltage imbalance study is done. The values of THD at inverter current and voltage are evaluated using FFT analysis. As a mitigation strategy at the output of the inverter to improve current and voltage THD, Static Var compensator is connected which is found to reduce THD substantially.

Analysis of the effect of machining parameters on the surface roughness in bore honing

István Sztankovics — 2024-05-20

Honing is the wide-spread applied machining procedure in finish manufacturing of high precision bores (for example surfaces in internal combustion engines). The machining procedures can be analysed in the point of view of the energy efficiency, productivity, surface quality, etc. In this paper the achievable surface quality after the honing process is studied on sleeves with EN-GJL-250 lamellar cast iron alloy material. The cutting experiments were planned according to the 23 full factorial design of experiments method. Two levels of the analysed factors were chosen in this study. The pressure on the honing stone, the feed of the tool and the average grain size are changed, which resulted in 8 experimental setups. After the roughness measurement and profile evaluation, the main effects are analysed of these 3 parameters. Equations were determined according to the principle of the design of experiment method. The effect of the studied machining parameters is analysed by the application of these equations. It is found that lower pressure, higher feed and finer grains are favourable to achieve low roughness values.

Mathematical model of the influence of geometric parameters of the shaft on the productivity of the screw press

Wojciech Sitek — 2024-05-20

This article delves into the pressing process of oil crops, primarily using screw presses, essential for obtaining vegetable oil. The objective of the article is to describe influence of geometric parameters of the shaft on the screw press productivity. This study refines existing mathematical models, emphasizing the impact of geometric dimensions on press productivity. The research culminates in presenting a versatile screw press design tailored for diverse oil-containing raw materials. This design optimization aims to enhance oil extraction efficiency and offers crucial insights for the agro-industrial sector, supporting sustainable and high-quality food production.